Fueled by the larger civil rights movement, health care and health professions training as well as membership into professional organizations would face continuous pressure to eliminate all forms of overt discrimination from health professionals themselves, NAACP lawyers working closely with activist professionals, and concerned citizens, many of them white and all of them influential in their local communities or nationally. Implementation of revised regulations under Hill-Burton followed by the Medicare Hospital Certification Program during the summer of 1966 would reshape health care delivery and health professions education throughout the country, finally opening up the doors to hospitals to all citizens and health professions educational and training programs to all qualified students. 

Objectives

1. Describe policies that denied admission of black physicians, dentists and nurses to professional schools post-World War II
2. Describe policies that denied membership of black physicians, dentists and nurses to professional organizations post-World War II
3. Describe policies that denied professional staff privileges and jobs to black physicians, dentists and nurses in hospitals post-World War II
4. Describe efforts within the nursing profession to racially integrate nursing schools and hospital-based programs, professional nursing organizations, and hospital nursing staffs
5. Describe efforts within the dental profession to racially integration dental schools, professional dental organizations, and hospital staffs
6. Describe efforts within the medical profession to racially integrate medical schools, professional medical organizations, and hospital staffs
7. Describe efforts to eliminate the “separate but equal” clause of the Hill-Burton Act, and the legal strategy used by the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.
8. Describe the Medicare Hospital Certification Program and its impact on the racial integration of hospitals and hospital-based training programs